Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL)

Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL) states that the sum of electrical potential differences (voltage) around any closed network is zero. When applying KVL, we need to consider the voltage sign: positive for voltage rise and negative for voltage drop. This law is founded on the conservation of energy principle, which indicates that the total energy gained per charge in traveling around a loop must be equal to the total energy lost.

To calculate the sum of voltages based on KVL, sum all the voltage rises and drops around the loop. If the loop is at equilibrium, as expected by KVL, the sum should be zero. This formula represents a JavaScript function where ...voltages is an array of numbers representing the voltages encountered around the loop, with increases being positive values and decreases being negative.